The Grammar Expedition

the grammar expedition

It is time that we review what we have learnt on Unit 5. And as good explorers and adventurers we are going to go through an incredible expedition!

REVIEW: 2nd Term Contents

2nd Term Review

1️⃣ Giving reasons (Dar razones, causas o consecuencias)

Cuando queremos explicar por qué ocurre algo, usamos because.

Structure

Sentence + because + reason

Example:

• I stayed at home because I was ill.

👉 La primera parte dice qué pasó.
👉 Después de because explicamos por qué pasó.

More examples

• Lucy didn’t go to school because she had a headache.

• The boy ran home because it started to rain.

• Daisy couldn’t ride her bike because the road was dangerous.

• We took the bus because we were late.

Sometimes we explain causes in stories

Example:

• The girl lost her bag because she was careless.

Useful words for reasons

Word	Meaning
because	porque
so	así que
that's why	por eso

Example:

• It was raining, so we stayed at home.

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✏️ Practice

Complete with because.

1. I didn’t go to the park __________ it was raining.

2. Tom was tired __________ he ran very fast.

3. We caught the bus __________ we were late.

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2️⃣ Opposites (Adjectives)

Adjectives describe people, things or places.

Example:

• a big house

• a clean room

• a noisy street

Many adjectives have an opposite.

Common opposites

Adjective	Opposite
good	bad
interesting	boring
clean	dirty
easy	difficult
right	wrong
noisy	quiet
fast	slow
careful	careless

Examples in sentences

• This book is interesting, but that book is boring.

• My room is clean, but his room is dirty.

• The test was easy, not difficult.

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✏️ Practice

Write the opposite.

1. good → __________

2. clean → __________

3. difficult → __________

4. noisy → __________

5. right → __________

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3️⃣ Past Simple (Past tense verbs)

Usamos Past Simple para hablar de acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado.

Example:

• Yesterday I played football.

• Last week we went to the museum.

Las palabras que indican pasado suelen ser:

Word	Meaning
yesterday	ayer
last week	la semana pasada
last year	el año pasado

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Regular verbs

Los verbos regulares forman el pasado con -ed.

Rule

verb + ed

Present	Past
play	played
walk	walked
watch	watched
open	opened
help	helped

Example:

• I played football yesterday.

• She watched a film.

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Irregular verbs

Los verbos irregulares no siguen una regla.
Hay que memorizarlos.

Present	Past
go	went
come	came
get	got
take	took
make	made
find	found
see	saw
eat	ate

Examples:

• We went to the park.

• She took a photo.

• I found my book.

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✏️ Practice

Write the past form.

1. go → __________

2. take → __________

3. come → __________

4. find → __________

5. make → __________

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4️⃣ Comparatives with adverbs of manner

(more quickly, more carefully…)

Los adverbs of manner dicen cómo hacemos una acción.

Example:

• run quickly

• walk slowly

• work carefully

Common adverbs

Adverb	Meaning
quickly	rápidamente
slowly	despacio
carefully	con cuidado
easily	fácilmente
happily	felizmente
quietly	en silencio

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Making comparisons

Cuando comparamos cómo hacen algo dos personas, usamos:

Structure

more + adverb + than

Example:

• She runs more quickly than me.

• He paints more carefully than his brother.

• The dog swims more happily than the cat.

👉 than significa que (comparación).

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✏️ Practice

Complete the sentence.

1. She runs more ________ than him.

2. The boy paints more ________ than the girl.

3. The cat walks more ________ than the dog.

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5️⃣ Could / Couldn’t

(abilities in the past)

Usamos could / couldn’t para hablar de habilidades en el pasado.

Structure

Subject + could + verb

Example:

• I could swim when I was six.

• She could read when she was five.

• We could ride a bike.

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Negative

Subject + couldn’t + verb

Example:

• I couldn’t swim when I was three.

• He couldn’t ride a bike when he was four.

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Questions

Could + subject + verb?

Example:

• Could you swim when you were five?

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Short answers

Question	Answer
Could you swim?	Yes, I could.
Could you read?	No, I couldn’t.

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✏️ Practice

Answer the questions.

1. Could you read when you were four?

2. Could you ride a bike when you were five?

3. Could you swim when you were three?

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6️⃣ Planning: routines and days of the week

Los days of the week se usan para hablar de rutinas y planes.

Days of the week

Day
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday

👉 Los días siempre empiezan con mayúscula.

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Talking about routines

Examples:

• On Monday I go to school.

• On Wednesday I play football.

• On Friday we have English.

• On Saturday I visit my grandparents.

• On Sunday I relax at home.

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✏️ Practice

Write your weekly plan.

Monday: ___________________
Tuesday: ___________________
Wednesday: ___________________
Thursday: ___________________
Friday: ___________________

7️⃣ Comparative Adjectives

(adjetivos comparativos)

Los comparatives se usan para comparar dos cosas.

Example:

• A lion is bigger than a cat.

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Short adjectives (adjetivos cortos)

Los adjetivos de una sílaba forman el comparativo con:

adjective + er

Examples:

Adjective	Comparative
tall	taller
fast	faster
small	smaller
old	older

Examples in sentences:

• My brother is taller than me.

• A cheetah is faster than a dog.

• This house is smaller than that one.

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Long adjectives (adjetivos largos)

Los adjetivos largos usan:

more + adjective + than

Examples:

Adjective	Comparative
interesting	more interesting
difficult	more difficult
careful	more careful

Examples:

• This book is more interesting than that book.

• The test is more difficult than yesterday’s test.

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Irregular comparatives

Algunos adjetivos no siguen reglas.

Adjective	Comparative
good	better
bad	worse

Examples:

• This film is better than the other one.

• Today’s weather is worse than yesterday.

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✏️ Practice

Complete.

1. A tiger is ________ (big) than a cat.

2. This book is ________ (interesting) than that one.

3. My English is ________ (good) than last year.

4. This test is ________ (bad) than the last one.

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⭐ Final challenge

Complete the story.

Yesterday we ______ (go) to the park.
It was very __________ (interesting / boring).
My friend ran more ________ than me.
When I was six I could / couldn’t ride a bike.

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✅ Study tips

⭐ Practise irregular verbs every day.
⭐ Learn opposites in pairs.
⭐ Use because to explain your ideas.
⭐ Remember: more + adverb + than.
⭐ Use could / couldn’t to talk about abilities in the past.

UNIT 5 - Exploring Our World

 🌍 Exploring Our World 

¡Hola, explorers! 🚀
Hoy vamos a convertirnos en explorers y viajar por el mundo mientras aprendemos inglés. Ready for the adventure? Let’s go!

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🧭 What is an Explorer?

Un explorer es una persona que viaja para descubrir nuevos lugares.

• Explorer = explorador / exploradora

• Exploring = explorando

📌 Ejemplo:

• Shackleton was a brave explorer.
  (Shackleton fue un explorador valiente.)

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🧊 🚢 Famous Explorers

🧭 Ernest Shackleton

Ernest Shackleton fue un explorador británico que viajó a la Antártida.

❄️ Fun fact (Dato curioso):
Su barco, el Endurance, quedó atrapado en el hielo, ¡pero salvó a toda su tripulación!

• It was an exciting but dangerous expedition.
  (Fue una expedición emocionante pero peligrosa.)

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🌊 Jacques Cousteau

Jacques Cousteau exploró los océanos.

🌊 Fun fact:
Ayudó a popularizar el submarinismo moderno.

• He explored amazing oceans and discovered fascinating sea life.
  (Exploró océanos increíbles y descubrió fascinante vida marina.)

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🌎 Places in the World

Aprendemos vocabulario de lugares del mundo:

• Ocean = océano

• Arctic = Ártico

• Desert = desierto

• Mountains = montañas

• Sea = mar

• River = río

• Lake = lago

📌 Ejemplo:

• The Arctic is freezing and snowy.
  (El Ártico es helado y nevado.)

• The desert is hot and dry.
  (El desierto es caluroso y seco.)

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🚗 Means of Transport (Medios de transporte)

• Ship = barco

• Plane = avión

• Helicopter = helicóptero

• Submarine = submarino

• Jeep = todoterreno

📌 Ejemplo:

• Explorers travel by ship or plane.
  (Los exploradores viajan en barco o avión.)

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🎒 Adventure!

• Adventure = aventura

📌 Ejemplo:

• Exploring the mountains is an exciting adventure.
  (Explorar las montañas es una aventura emocionante.)

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✏️ -ING Adjectives (Adjetivos terminados en -ing)

Los adjetivos en -ing describen cómo es algo o cómo nos hace sentir.

• Exciting = emocionante

• Amazing = asombroso

• Interesting = interesante

• Boring = aburrido

• Fascinating = fascinante

• Terrifying = aterrador

📌 Trick (Truco):
👉 Si termina en -ing, normalmente describe la cosa o situación.

• The museum is interesting.
  (El museo es interesante.)

• The story is exciting.
  (La historia es emocionante.)

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🏛️ Museums

Un museum es un lugar donde aprendemos sobre historia, ciencia, arte…

• Museums are educational and interesting places.
  (Los museos son lugares educativos e interesantes.)

🦖 Fun fact:
En algunos museos hay dinosaurios reales o barcos antiguos.

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🌦️ The Weather (El tiempo)

• Sunny = soleado

• Rainy = lluvioso

• Windy = ventoso

• Stormy = tormentoso

• Cloudy = nublado

• Snowy = nevado

📌 Ejemplo:

• It is snowy in the Arctic.
  (Está nevando en el Ártico.)

• It is sunny in the desert.
  (Hace sol en el desierto.)

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Being Safe Outdoors (Seguridad al aire libre)

Cuando exploramos debemos estar seguros.

• Be careful! = ¡Ten cuidado!

• Wear warm clothes. = Lleva ropa de abrigo.

• Take water. = Lleva agua.

• Stay with your group. = Quédate con tu grupo.

• Check the weather. = Consulta el tiempo.

📌 Ejemplo:

• Exploring mountains can be dangerous, so be careful.
  (Explorar montañas puede ser peligroso, así que ten cuidado.)

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🧠 Mini Challenge

1️⃣ Write three places in the world.
2️⃣ Write one -ing adjective.
3️⃣ Make one sentence about an explorer.

Example:

Shackleton explored the Arctic. It was an exciting adventure!

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🌟 Did You Know?

• The Arctic is colder than the desert is hot!

• Oceans cover about 70% of the Earth.

• Many explorers work with scientists today.